Reported speech – neupravni govor u engleskom jeziku

Upravni i neupravni govor nam omogućavaju da se izrazimo na dva načina.

Njihove odlike su:

• direktan/upravan govor: kada ponavljamo identične reči koje je neka osoba upotrebila, ili onako kako ih se mi sećamo;
• indirektan/neupravan govor: originalne reči govornika su promenjene – fokus je više na sadržaju iskazanog.

U direktnom govoru,  obično stavljamo zarez između upravnog govora, koji je pod navodnicima, i ostatka rečenice. Ti navodnici mogu biti jednostruki (‘…’) ili dvostruki navodnici (”…”). Ukoliko ostatak rečenice dolazi između upravnog govora, onda to odvajamo zarezom. Pogledajte primere:

• ”I slept well last night,” he said.
• Catherine said, ‘I don’t need your help anymore.’

Međutim, kada koristimo neupravni govor,  mi zapravo prenosimo nečije misli ili reči, koristeći se vlastitim rečima. Dakle, imamo uvodnu rečenicu (reporting clause) i onu koju izveštavamo (reported clause).

reporting clause                              reported clause

She explained      (that)   she couldn’t make the call until the next morning.

Ako su originalne reči veoma važne, onda ćemo se potruditi da iste prenesemo što sličnije originalu. U pisanju se to radi kroz citiranje, kao u primerima:

• ‘No problem,’ Ben replied, ‘you’ll have to pay him later.’
• ‘I believe you,’ she said to me.

Uvodna rečenica (reporting clause) može da stoji na početku, između ili na kraju citata.

U engleskom jeziku, koji se koristi u pričama ili romanima, uvodni glagol (npr. ask, continue…) obično stoji pre subjekta kada uvodna rečenica stoji posle citata. Izuzetak je slučaj kada je subjekat zamenica:

• ‘When will you move to Italy?’ asked Harry. (or… Harry asked)
• ‘And then we talked about books,’ she continued. (not… continued she)

Promene koje unosimo kod originalnih glagola, odnosno vremena u kojima se oni nalaze, dešavaju se zato što je prošlo vreme od trenutka originalne izjave i našeg prenošenja iste.

Pogledajte primere:

• Direct speech: ‘I work in a bank,’ said Harry.
  Indirect speech: Harry said that he worked in a bank.
• Direct speech: ‘I have hurt my arm,’ said John.
  Indirect speech: John said that he had hurt his arm.

U nastavku su navedene promene, odnosno kako se koje vreme menja u skladu sa neupravnim govorom:

• Present Simple to Past Simple
• Present Continuous to Past Continuous
• Present Perfect to Past Perfect
• Past Simple to Past Perfect
• Past Perfect to Past Perfect
• Past Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous
• Will to Would
• Can to Could
• Must to Had to
• Should to Should/Should have verb-ed/III form
• Would to Would/Would have verb-ed/III form

Kada želimo da prenesemo šta neko nije rekao, mi ćemo koristiti uvodni glagol u negativnom obliku.

• She didn’t tell me how she would get to Miami.

Kada prenosimo odričnu rečenicu iz upravnog u neupravni govor, to ćemo uraditi tako što tu rečenicu ostavljamo kao odričnu. 

• ‘You are right! It isn’t a good idea.’
  She agreed that it wasn’t a good idea.

Ipak, postoje slučajevi kada glagol u uvodnoj rečenici koristimo u negativnom obliku:

• ‘I expect she won’t come.’/ ‘I don’t expect she will come.’
  He didn’t expect her to come.

Još primera: believe, feel, intend, plan, propose, suppose, think, want

Kada prenosimo pitanja u neupravni govor koja počinju sa wh-rečju, koristićemo uvodnu rečenicu i rečenicu sa wh-rečju.

• You asked your coach where she lived.
• He asked her why she was being so rude.

U slučaju Yes / No pitanja, uvodna rečenica počinje ili sa if ili sa whether (ali upamtite da ne možemo koristiti sledeću formu if + to-infintive)

• Ann asked me: ‘Do you like pizza?’
  Ann asked me if/whether I like pizza.

Red reči u wh-, if-, ili whether-rečenicama je onaj koji koristimo u potvrdnom obliku:

• ‘Have you seen Jack recently?’
  He wanted to know if I had seen Jack recently.

Međutim, ako originalno pitanje počinje sa what, which, ili who praćeno be + complement, onda ta dopuna može da stoji pre ili posle be:

• ‘Who was the winner?’
  She asked who the winner was. (or … who was the winner.)

Ne koristimo formu do u wh-, if-, ili whether-rečenicama, ali ako prenosimo pitanje u negativnom obliku, možemo koristiti negativnu formu od do:

• Mike asked (me) why I didn’t buy anything.

Zamenice, pokazne zamenice i prilozi za vreme i mesto

Zamenice se obično menjaju u neupravnom govoru, ali ako ste vi ta osoba ili jedna od osba čije se originalne reči prenose, onda se ne menjaju:

• ‘I really enjoy working in my garden,’ said Ben.
  Ben said that he really enjoyed working in his garden. (changed)
• ‘We want our books back!’ we said.
  They said that we wanted our books back. (not changed)

Takođe, menjamo pokazne zamenice i priloške odredbe za vreme i mesto, ako više nisu tačni.

• I said, ‘I will meet you here tomorrow.’
  I said I would meet her there the next/following day.

Pogledajte listu promena za zamenice, pokazne zamenice i priloške odredbe za vreme i mesto:

• Now to Then
• Today to That day
• Tomorrow to The next day / the following day
• Yesterday to The day before / the previous day
• (Two weeks) ago to (Two weeks) before
• Next to The following…
• Last to The previous…
• Here to There
• This to That
• These to Those
  
  

Used to i ought to se ne menjaju u neupravnom govoru. Ought to koristimo kada treba slediti neki savet ili kada je reč o zakonima, dužnostima ili propisima.

• ‘I used to live in London.’
  He said he used to live in London.
• ‘You ought to leave immediately.’
  The man warned us that we ought to leave immediately.

Kada je uvodni glagol u prostom sadašnjem vremenu – Present Simple, onda ne pravimo promene – backshifts.

• Jenny says: ‘I like strawberries.’
• Jenny says that she likes strawberries.

Ukoliko rečenica ukazuje na komandu ili naređenje, u neupravnom govoru ćemo koristiti formu infinitiva glagola korištenog u upravnom govoru.

• Mum ordered me: ‘Don’t leave the house!’
  Mum ordered me not to leave the house.
• He ordered me: ‘Go home!’
  He ordered me to go home.