Pasivne rečenice u engleskom jeziku – građenje

Termini aktivni i pasivni oblik (active and passive voice) se upotrebljavaju kada želimo da na različite načine organizujemo ili iskažemo sadržaje rečenica.

Aktivni oblik rečenice ima određen red reči. Subjekat je na prvom mestu i označava vršioca radnje (‘doer’). U pasivnoj rečenici, objekat preuzima glavno mesto.

• A lot of people watch the show every weekend. (active)
  The show is watched by a lot of people every weekend. (passive)

Dalje, u pasivnoj rečenici možemo izostaviti subjekta/aktera ili možemo ga staviti nakon predloga by (by + doer):

• Her house was designed in the 1890s.  or
  Her house was designed in the 1890s by John Edward.

Da bismo napravili pasivni oblik, potrebno je da glagol ‘to be’ prebacimo u odgovarajuće glagolsko vreme i dodamo prošli particip glavnog glagola (the past participle). Za pravilne glagole, pasivni oblik gradimo tako što infinitivu glagola dodajemo nastavak -ed (play – played, want – wanted, ask – asked…)

Glagoli poput glagola give mogu imati oblik i direktnog i indirektnog objekta – a direct object (DO) and an indirect object (IO):

• V + IO + DO  or
• V + DO + preposition + IO

Zato mogu biti primenjivi u dve situacije kao što je prikazano u tabeli:

Isto tako: read, ask, teach (‘telling verbs’); hand, lend, send, offer, throw, award (‘giving’ verbs).

Pasivni oblik možete odabrati u zavisnosti od toga koji je prikladniji u određenom kontekstu. Ne zaboravite da u neformalnom obliku komunikacije ‘to’ može biti izostavljeno u drugoj formi. 

Neki glagoli koji ne mogu biti praćeni oblikom IO + DO u aktivnoj rečenici imaju samo jednu od dolenavedenih oblika: 

Isto tako: demonstrate, mention, describe, introduce, announce, report, suggest, propose (‘reporting verbs)

Glagoli posle kojih ide forma objekat + dopuna (object + complement) u aktivnoj rečenici imaju jedan oblik pasiva: 

Isto tako: make, appoint, nominate, vote, declare (to do with giving a particular position); title, name, call (‘naming’ verbs).

Glagoli posle kojih ide forma objekat + infinitiv bez ‘to’ (an object + an infinitive without ‘to’) u aktivnoj rečenici, praćeni su formom to-infinitive u pasivu:

Isto tako: help, feel, hear (also + object + to-infinitive), see, observe

Prelazni glagoli od dve i tri reči (transitive two- and three-word verbs)

Neki od ovih glagola imaju pasivne oblike: look after, hold over (delay), carry out (put into practice), disapprove of, talk down to (patronise)

• She was looked after (by her grandchildren).

Neki od ovih prelaznih glagola nemaju pasivne oblike: come up against, cast (your mind) back (try to remember), get (something) down (write), take after (resemble), brush up on (revise).

• They came up against the problem. (not A problem was come up against.)

Neki od glagola mogu biti korišćeni u pasivu uz određeno značenje (passive possible meaning / no passive meaning): call (someone) up (order to join the army/telephone); call (someone) back (ask to return / telephone); let in (allow into a place / allow rain, etc. in); let out (allow to leave/let out a sound), put out (to make something stop burning/to move forward a part of the body)

• He put out the fire. (active)
  The fire was put out. (passive)
• I put out a hand to steady myself. (active)
  No passive form.

Aktivni oblici sa glagolom sa nastavkom -ing (active patterns with verb + -ing)

Glagoli posle kojih sledi forma objekat + -ing (object + -ing) u aktivnom obliku  grade pasiv prema formuli ‘be’ + past participle + -ing:

• She saw the cat climbing the tree. (active)
  The cat was seen climbing the tree. (passive)

Isto tako: hear, catch, find, keep, notice, bring, observe, send, show

Glagoli posle kojih može da ide -ing forma, mogu biti korišćeni u pasivnom obliku being + past participle:

• The kids enjoyed being taken to the park.

Isto tako: deny, describe, face, hate, dislike, avoid, (not) imagine, like, resent, report, remember.

Postoje određeni glagoli koji, u aktivnom obliku mogu biti praćeni objektom koji se sastoji od imeničke fraze i -ing klauzule (-ing clause), obično nemaju pasivni oblik:

• I dread her finding out. (not She is dreaded finding out.)

Isto tako: remember, anticipate, dislike, appreciate, forget, imagine, hate, like, (not) mind, recall.

Aktivni oblici sa glagolom + to-infinitiv (active patterns with verb + to-infinitive)

Aktivan oblik glagol + objekat – to-infinitiv (verb + object + to-infinitive) menja se u pasive preko formule ‘be’ + participa prošlog glavnog glagola + to-infinitiv (‘be’ + past participle + to-infinitive).

• Mrs Tompson has taught Ann to sing for years.
  Ann has been taught to sing (by Mrs Tompson) for years.

Isto tako: allow, understand, tell, require, order, mean, feel, instruct, expect, believe, consider, ask, advise.

U nekim situacijama moguće je oba glagola postaviti u pasiv:

• Changes to the traffic system are expected to be proposed.

Neki glagoli praćeni formom objekat + to-infinitiv (an object + to-infinitive) u aktivnom obliku nemaju pasivnu formu:

• Marry liked Susan to be there. (not Susan was liked to be there.)

Isto tako: hate, love (can’t) bear. need, want, prefer, wish (‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ verbs)

Aktivni oblik glagol + to-infinitiv + objekat (verb + to-infinitive + object) menja se u pasiv preko formule glagol + to be + particip prošli (verb + to be + past participle).

• Local village markets started to sell fresh pasta only in the late 1990s.
  Fresh pasta started to be sold by local village markets only in the late 1990s.

Isto tako: (I) begin, seem, come, appear, continue, tend;
(II) aim, arrange, attempt, agree, hope, refuse, want

Glagoli u prvoj grupi zajedno sa glagolom start imaju odgovarajuća značenja u aktivnim i pasivnim rečenicama, ali glagoli u drugoj grupi nemaju.

• People have come to see caviar as something only the rich eat. (active) 
  odgovara obliku
  Caviar has come to be seen as something only the rich eat. (passive)
  
  
• Mike wanted to help me. (active) 
  ne odgovara obliku
  I wanted to be helped by Mike. (passive)